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Main article: The hypothesis of generative grammar is that language is a structure of the human mind. The goal of generative grammar is to make a complete model of this inner language (known as ).

This model could be used to describe all human language and to predict the of any given utterance (that is, to predict whether the utterance would sound correct to native speakers of the language). This approach to language was pioneered. Most generative theories (although not all of them) assume that syntax is based upon the constituent structure of sentences. Generative grammars are among the theories that focus primarily on the form of a sentence, rather than its communicative function. Among the many generative theories of linguistics, the Chomskyan theories are: • (TG) (Original theory of generative syntax laid out by Chomsky in Syntactic Structures in 1957) • (GB) (revised theory in the tradition of TG developed mainly by Chomsky in the 1970s and 1980s) • (MP) (a reworking of the theory out of the GB framework published by Chomsky in 1995) Other theories that find their origin in the generative paradigm are: • • (GPSG; now largely out of date) • (now largely out of date) • (HPSG) • (LFG) • • (RG) (now largely out of date) Categorial grammar [ ].

Main article: is an approach that attributes the syntactic structure not to rules of grammar, but to the properties of the themselves. For example, rather than asserting that sentences are constructed by a rule that combines a noun phrase (NP) and a verb phrase (VP) (e.g., the S → NP VP), in categorial grammar, such principles are embedded in the category of the word itself. So the syntactic category for an verb is a complex formula representing the fact that the verb acts as a requiring an NP as an input and produces a sentence level structure as an output.

This complex category is notated as (NP S) instead of V. NP S is read as 'a category that searches to the left (indicated by ) for an NP (the element on the left) and outputs a sentence (the element on the right).' The category of is defined as an element that requires two NPs (its subject and its direct object) to form a sentence. This is notated as (NP/(NP S)) which means 'a category that searches to the right (indicated by /) for an NP (the object), and generates a function (equivalent to the VP) which is (NP S), which in turn represents a function that searches to the left for an NP and produces a sentence.' Is a categorial grammar that adds in partial to the categories.

Dependency grammar [ ]. A syntactic parse of 'Alfred spoke' under the dependency formalism is an approach to sentence structure where syntactic units are arranged according to the dependency relation, as opposed to the constituency relation of. Dependencies are directed links between words. The (finite) verb is seen as the root of all clause structure and all the other words in the clause are either directly or indirectly dependent on this root. Photoshop Elements 8 Download Full Version on this page.

Some prominent dependency-based theories of syntax are: •, or Algebraic syntax • • • • (1893–1954) is widely seen as the father of modern dependency-based theories of syntax and grammar. He argued vehemently against the binary division of the clause into and that is associated with the grammars of his day (S → NP VP) and which remains at the core of most phrase structure grammars.

In the place of this division, he positioned the verb as the root of all clause structure. Stochastic/probabilistic grammars/network theories [ ] Theoretical approaches to syntax that are based upon are known as. One common implementation of such an approach makes use of a. Functionalist grammars [ ].

Emotion is any characterized by intense mental activity and a certain degree of. Scientific discourse has drifted to other meanings and there is no on a definition. Emotion is often with,,,, and. In some theories, is an important aspect of emotion. Those acting primarily on the emotions they are feeling may seem as if they are not thinking, but mental processes are still essential, particularly in the interpretation of events.

For example, the realization of our believing that we are in a dangerous situation and the subsequent arousal of our body's nervous system (rapid heartbeat and breathing, sweating, muscle tension) is integral to the experience of our feeling afraid. Other theories, however, claim that emotion is separate from and can precede cognition. Emotions are complex.