Contents • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • History [ ] ISO 9660 traces its roots to the file system. High Sierra arranged file information in a dense, sequential layout to minimize nonsequential access by using a hierarchical (eight levels of directories deep) tree file system arrangement, similar to UNIX and. To facilitate cross platform compatibility, it defined a minimal set of common file attributes (directory or ordinary file and time of recording) and name attributes (name, extension, and version), and used a separate system use area where future optional extensions for each file may be specified.

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High Sierra was adopted in December 1986 (with changes) as an international standard by as ECMA-119 and submitted for fast tracking to the, where it was eventually accepted as ISO 9660:1988. In 2013, ISO published Amendment 1 to the ISO 9660 standard, introducing new data structures and relaxed file name rules intended to 'bring harmonization between ISO 9660 and widely used ' Specification'.' Specifications [ ] Overall structure [ ] The following is the rough overall structure of the ISO 9660 file system: ISO 9660 File System System Area (32,768 B) Unused by ISO 9660 Data Area Volume Descriptor Set Path tables, Directories and Files The System Area, the first 32,768 data bytes of the disk (16 sectors of 2,048 bytes each), is unused by ISO 9660 and therefore available for other uses. For example, a CD-ROM may contain an alternative file system descriptor in this area, as it is often used by to offer -specific and -specific content.

All multi-byte values are stored twice, in and format, either one-after-another in what the specification calls 'both-byte orders', or in duplicated data structures such as the path table. As the structures have been designed with unaligned members, this 'both endian' encoding does however not help implementors as the data structures need to be read byte-wise to convert them to properly aligned data. Volume descriptor set [ ] The data area begins with a set of one or more volume descriptors, terminated with a volume descriptor set terminator. Collectively the volume descriptor set acts as a for the data area, describing its content (similar to the used by, and formatted disks). Volume Descriptor Set Volume Descriptor #1. Volume Descriptor #N Volume Descriptor Set Terminator The volume descriptor set terminator is simply a particular type of volume descriptor with the purpose of marking the end of this set of structures.

Bebe Clothing Store. Volume descriptor [ ] Each volume descriptor is 2048 bytes in size, fitting perfectly into a single Mode 1 or Mode 2 Form 1 sector. They have the following structure: ← 2,048 bytes → Parts Type Identifier (always 'CD001') Version (always 0x01) Data Sizes 1 byte 5 bytes 1 byte 2,041 bytes The data field of a volume descriptor may be subdivided into several fields, with the exact content depending on the type. Standard volume descriptor types are the following: Basic Volume Descriptor Types Type field value Type 0 Boot Record Volume Descriptor 1 Primary Volume Descriptor 2 Supplementary Volume Descriptor, or Enhanced Volume Descriptor 3 Volume Partition Descriptor 255 Volume Descriptor Set Terminator An ISO 9660 compliant disk contains at least one Primary Volume Descriptor describing the file system and a Volume Descriptor Set Terminator for indicating the end of the descriptor sequence. The Primary Volume Descriptor provides information about the volume, characteristics and metadata, including a root directory record that indicates in which sector the root directory is located. Other fields contain the description or name of the volume, and information about who created it and with which application. The size of the logical blocks which the file system uses to segment the volume is also stored in a field inside the primary volume descriptor, as well as the amount of space occupied by the volume (measured in number of logical blocks).

In addition to the Primary Volume Descriptor(s), Supplementary Volume Descriptors or Enhanced Volume Descriptors may be present. Supplementary Volume Descriptors describe the same volume as the Primary Volume Descriptor does, and are normally used for providing additional code page support when the standard code tables are insufficient. The standard specifies that ISO 2022 is used for managing code sets that are wider than 8 bytes, and that ISO 2375 escape sequences are used to identify each particular code page used. Consequently, ISO 9660 supports international single-byte and multi-byte character sets, provided they fit into the framework of the referenced standards. However, ISO 9660 does not specify any code pages that are guaranteed to be supported: all use of code tables other than those defined in the standard itself are subject to agreement between the originator and the recipient of the volume. Enhanced Volume Descriptors were introduced in ISO 9660, Amendment 1. They relax some of the requirements of the other volume descriptors and the directory records referenced by them: for example, the directory depth can exceed eight, file identifiers need not contain '.'